{"id":1079,"date":"2025-12-30T08:33:21","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T08:33:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glutenfreepleasure.com\/__proxy_domain\/mlclaw.com.sg\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=1079"},"modified":"2026-05-30T20:19:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T12:19:18","slug":"shareholders-agreement-2","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/glutenfreepleasure.com\/__proxy_domain\/mlclaw.com.sg\/cn\/publication\/shareholders-agreement-2\/","title":{"rendered":"SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How should a shareholder protect his\/her interests in the company?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Would every shareholder, notwithstanding his\/her proportion of shareholding, be entitled to a seat on the board?&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">INTRODUCTION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drafting a well thought through and comprehensive shareholders\u2019 agreement is an often neglected but an extremely important step when parties \/ entities come together to strike deals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this article, our <a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreepleasure.com\/__proxy_domain\/mlclaw.com.sg\/directors\/\"><strong><em>directors<\/em><\/strong><\/a> explore both the legal underpinnings of such an agreement and some possible practical options available to parties to apportion their rights and liabilities in various circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Shareholders Agreement V. Company Constitution&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A shareholders agreement can feature in the context when individuals come together to invest and co-own a company, in a joint venture between corporate shareholders and even where new investors come on board with the promise of capital injection in exchange for shareholding.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A well drafted shareholders agreement ought to carefully consider and calibrate the interests of the various shareholders but also address issues of board representation, voting mechanisms, deadlock situations, etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How would a shareholder protect his\/her interests in the company? Would every shareholder, notwithstanding his\/her proportion of shareholding, be entitled to a seat on the board? Are there matters \/ decisions that the shareholders would like the company to reserve to the shareholders only? These questions (and more) have to be addressed in the course of parties navigating the drafting of a shareholders agreement.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is a shareholders agreement really necessary given that a company would have to in any event prepare a constitution?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court in BTY v BUA and other matters [2018] SGHC 213 makes clear the foundational differences between a shareholders agreement and a company\u2019s constitution. A shareholders agreement is a private contract. \u201cIt derives its contractual force purely from the private law of obligations. The law of contract, which is a branch of the law of obligations, provides that the coincidence of offer, acceptance &#8230; and consideration gives rise to obligations which are legally binding. At common law, nobody who is not a party to the contract can be bound by its provisions or can claim any rights under its provisions.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, a constitution \u201cderives its contractual force from company law, not private law. Section 39(1) of the Companies Act provides that the constitution of a company binds the company and its members as if the constitution had been signed and sealed by each member and contained covenants on the part of each member to observe its provisions. The constitution is therefore a deemed contract which binds immediately by force of statute upon and by virtue of registration. As such, it binds without any need for offer, acceptance or consideration.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Operating on separate planes&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result of the fundamental different legal character of a shareholders agreement and constitution, it also means that the two contracts \u201coperate on separate planes\u201d. \u201cA company\u2019s constitution operates on the company law plane \u2026 . A shareholders\u2019 agreement operates on the private law plane.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As such, amongst other practical consequences, it is important for shareholders to note the following, including:-&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the provisions of a shareholders\u2019 agreement can be modified only with the consent of all of the parties to the agreement. On the other hand, on the company law plane, in general, any provision of a company\u2019s constitution may be amended by special resolution. Thus, a shareholder who holds under 25% of a company\u2019s shares can find himself bound against his will by a modification of a provision in the company\u2019s constitution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>no person can be bound by a shareholders\u2019 agreement unless he accedes to it expressly and separately by contract. On the company law plane, however, an incoming shareholder is, by force of company law, immediately and automatically bound by the company\u2019s constitution. No expressed consent is required from the incoming shareholder.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>company law subordinates a private agreement. This has practical consequences for shareholders to a shareholders agreement because \u201cAny obligation which a company or a shareholder undertakes privately in a shareholders\u2019 agreement which is contrary to a mandatory provision of company law must yield to company law.\u201d Simply, if there are inconsistencies between the terms of a shareholders agreement and the articles of the company\u2019s constitution, the articles of the company&#8217;s constitution would prevail.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the consequences stemming from the breach of a company\u2019s constitution and a shareholders\u2019 agreement carry deep differences as well. Where the company has acted in breach of its constitution, shareholders may argue that such act by the company was \u201cultra vires\u201d and be deemed void and\/or may be set aside. Whereas, if a term of a shareholders agreement is breached, that act constituting the breach is not per se ultra vires but merely a breach of a contractual obligation where a shareholder\u2019s recourse is for one of civil liability for a breach of contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simply put, a shareholders agreement and one&#8217;s appreciation of its significance is crucial to the longevity of any deal\/transaction between serious commercial parties.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Further Considerations&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A shareholders agreement can play an important role in business succession planning when it provides a framework for the transfer of ownership interests to ensure a smooth transition of the business using one or more of the following methods.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buy-sell provisions&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buy-sell provisions set pre-established rules for transferring the owners\u2019 interest in the business in the event of their death, disability, or retirement. These provisions can help ensure that the remaining owners could buy the departing owner&#8217;s interest at a fair price and prevent the sale of the interest to an outside party who may not be in the best interest of the business.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transfer restrictions&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transfer restrictions limit the ability of shareholders to transfer their ownership interests to third parties without the consent of the other shareholders. This can help ensure that the remaining owners have control over the ownership of the business and prevent the business from being sold to outside parties without their approval.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To enhance financial protection and reduce risk for the shareholders of a company, here are some strategies that employ the use of insurance as a cost-effective means of financing succession events.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key person insurance&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key person insurance is a type of life insurance policy that is taken out on a key employee or shareholder of a business. In the event of that person&#8217;s death, the insurance pay out can be used to fund the purchase of their shares under the terms of a buy-sell agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cross-purchase plan&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A cross-purchase plan is a type of buy-sell agreement where each owner agrees to purchase the other owners&#8217; interests in the event of their death or disability. In this type of plan, each owner takes out a life insurance policy on the other owners, with the pay out used to fund the purchase of their shares.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Entity purchase plan&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an entity purchase plan, the business itself agrees to purchase the shares of a deceased or disabled owner. The business takes out a life insurance policy on each owner, with the pay out used to fund the purchase of their shares.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, by incorporating insurance into business succession planning, business owners can ensure that funds will be available to purchase another owner&#8217;s interest in the event of their death critical illness or disability. This can help provide financial security for the remaining owners and ensure the continuity of the business.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our directors can be contacted at:-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mark Lee :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreepleasure.com\/__proxy_domain\/mlclaw.com.sg\/director\/mark-lee\/\"><strong><em>Profile<\/em><\/strong><\/a>; \u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E:\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:mark.lee@mlclaw.com.sg\">mark.lee@mlclaw.com.sg<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sarah Yeo :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreepleasure.com\/__proxy_domain\/mlclaw.com.sg\/director\/sarah-yeo\/\"><em><strong>Profile<\/strong><\/em><\/a>; \u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E:\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:mark.lee@mlclaw.com.sg\">sarah.yeo@mlclaw.com.sg<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The full article can be downloaded at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Would every shareholder, notwithstanding his\/her proportion of shareholding, be entitled to a seat on the board?\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":1566,"parent":0,"template":"","publication-category":[],"class_list":["post-1079","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shareholders\u2019 Agreement Guide | Singapore Corporate Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A practical overview of shareholders\u2019 agreements, covering control, obligations, exit rights, and dispute management in companies and corporate groups.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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